ISBN: 978-81-689938-0-8
Author(s): Dr. SANTOSH KUMAR RADA
Anatomy and Physiology Practical Manual is designed as a comprehensive, practical-oriented laboratory resource for undergraduate students of pharmacy and allied health sciences. The book has been developed with the objective of transforming theoretical concepts of human anatomy, histology, hematology, and physiology into meaningful laboratory experiences. The manual has a logical structure in which each practical activity is structured in an organized manner such that the students can conduct each practical systematically. Each experiment is described in terms of distinct elements like aim, requirements, principle, learning objectives, step-by-step procedure, observations, results, discussion, precautions, practical report format, viva-voce questions and answers, applications and references. The first practical in the manual helps to acquaint the students with compound microscope, which entails structure, principle, construction, working, manipulation, magnification, uses and precautions. Microscopy is further used to examine different tissues. The manual provides information on microscopic examination of epithelial and connective tissue, then muscular and nervous tissues. This will help the students associate various cell structures to the physiological function of the tissue. The anatomical section of the manual contains practicals of axial and appendicular bones identification. The students will learn how to identify anatomical landmarks of bones, differentiate individual bones, find out the sides of the paired bones and associate anatomical structures with the functions. Furthermore, the book also exposes the students to the various hematological lab tests. In the case of hemocytometry practical, the book will cover the structure and working principle of the Neubauer hemocytometer; how to load the cells in the chamber, cell count, dilutions, cell concentration calculations, and cell viability test using Trypan Blue exclusion when necessary. There is also coverage of practical exercises on complete blood count using the automated hematology analyzer and counting of the total white blood cell count and differential leukocyte count. The addition of oral questions at the end of every experiment creates another opportunity to solidify the concepts covered. Thus, this book is not only meant as a lab report writing guide but also as a competencies-based learning tool. It can help students acquire practical skills, develop scientific thinking, observation skills, lab discipline, and confidence in interpreting the results of experiments. In general, this manual strives to fill the gap between classroom lessons and lab work and make students' learning process systematic and accessible.
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