THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF EXOSOMES IN NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AN EMERGING FRONTIER IN PRECISION DRUG DELIVERY

Exosomes are natural 30–150 nm lipid-bilayer vesicles released by nearly every cell. They transport lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and importantly, they can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with a safety and precision that typical treatments rarely achieve. Since 2019, research has shown that these vesicles can reduce neuro-inflammation, limit cell death, promote neurogenesis, and guide axonal remodeling in various disorders, including ischemic stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, spinal cord injury, and epilepsy. In rodent stroke models, stemcell-derived exosomes enriched with miR-124 or miR-133b improve motor skills and reduce infarct volume. Additionally, “designer” exosomes carrying siBACE-1 or catalase lower amyloid burden and oxidative stress in pre-clinical settings for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Early-phase human trials, especially those assessing mesenchymal stromal-cell exosomes (MSC-EXOs) for acute stroke, report good safety and initial functional improvements,
indicating a quick move from lab to application. Advances in click-chemistry surface functionalization, microfluidic cargo loading, and PEGylation are improving targeting precision and payload stability, but challenges with large-scale production, consistency, anregulatory approval still exist. Looking ahead, combining exosome biology with CRISPR gene editing, AI-driven payload design, and smart materials could lead to a new era of precision neurology.

KEYWORDS: Bone turnover markers, Osteoporosis, Fracture risk, Bone remodeling, Diagnosis, Treatment monitoring.