REVIEW ON MICROPLASTIC PARTICLES

Microplastics are tiny plastic particles measuring less than 5 mm in diameter that originate either from the intentional manufacture of microscopic plastics or from the degradation of larger plastic materials. Due to the extensive use of plastic products worldwide, microplastics have become ubiquitous contaminants in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. These particles have been detected in drinking water, seafood, salt, honey, and even in
atmospheric air, leading to widespread human exposure through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Once inside the body, microplastics and nanoplastics can distribute to various organs including the liver, lungs, kidneys, heart, brain, and blood. Studies indicate that these particles can cross biological barriers such as the blood–brain barrier and may cause oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine disruption, immune dysfunction, and cellular damage. Microplastics also act as carriers for toxic chemicals and persistent organic pollutants, further increasing their potential health risks. Experimental and epidemiological evidence suggests that prolonged exposure may contribute to neurological disorders, respiratory diseases, metabolic disturbances, reproductive toxicity, and cardiovascular complications. In addition to human health concerns, microplastics significantly impact marine ecosystems by entering the food chain and accumulating in aquatic organisms. The increasing global production of plastics and inadequate waste management have intensified the problem of microplastic pollution. Therefore, understanding the sources, distribution, exposure pathways, and toxicological effects of microplastics is essential for assessing their environmental and biological impacts and for developing strategies to mitigate plastic pollution and protect both ecosystem and human health.

Keywords: Microplastics, Nanoplastics, Plastic Pollution, Environmental Contamination, Bioaccumulation, Human Health Effects, Oxidative Stress.