DIGITAL BIOMARKERS IN CLINICAL PHARMACY: REVOLUTIONIZING THERAPEUTICS WITH WEARABLES, MOBILE APPS AND AI

Digital biomarkers, which are defined as objective, quantifiable physiological and behavioral data captured through digital devices, are rapidly changing clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. Incorporating wearables, mobile health applications, and artificial intelligence (AI) into everyday practice means we can now monitor an individual's drug response, adherence, and safety in real-time and facilitates bridging the traditional biomarker realm with precision medicine. Wearables such as continuous glucose monitors, ECG patches and smartwatches are now collecting constant physiological data and mobile applications can acquire patient-reported outcomes, adherence to medication and behavioural data for relevant therapy optimisation. AI tools are able to extract relevant real-time insights from large scale data in digital health and adjust for bias associated with drugs or conditions, predict modelling, optimal drug or device efficacy, and anticipated patient outcomes associated with adverse drug reactions or dose adjustments. Clinical pharmacy is in the early stages of harnessing these innovations primarily in chronic disease management, oncology, psychiatry, and cardiovascular care where digital biomarkers can potentially improve therapeutic outcomes, and reduce healthcare burdens. Despite their promise, challenges such as data standardisation and data fidelity, along with privacy implications for information mining, regulatory frameworks, and electronic health records integration. This review highlights the
important transition of digital biomarkers impacting clinical pharmacy, conferences about their role in personalized pharmacotherapy, drug development, and patient monitoring in
practice and identifies future directions for advancement of patient-centred care.

Keywords: Digital biomarkers, Clinical pharmacy, Wearable devices, Artificial intelligence.